Example for Interpersonal Communication

Twilight Movie 

Isabella "Bella" Swan moves from sunny Phoenix, Arizona, to rainy Forks, Washington, to live with her father, Charlie. She chooses to do this so that her mother, Renée, can travel with her new husband, Phil Dwyer, who is a minor league baseball player. Bella attracts much attention at her new school and is quickly befriended by several students. Much to her dismay, several boys in the school compete for shy Bella's attention. 

When Bella sits next to Edward Cullen in class on her first day of school, Edward seems utterly repulsed by her. However, over the next few days Edward warms up to her, and their new found relationship reaches a climax when Bella is almost run over by a fellow classmate's van in the school parking lot. Seemingly defying the laws of reality, Edward saves her life by stopping the van with his bare hands. 

Bella then becomes hellbent on figuring out how Edward saved her life, and pesters him with questions constantly. After tricking a family friend, Jacob Black, into telling her local tribal legends, Bella concludes that Edward and his family are vampires who drink the blood of animals instead of humans. Edward reveals that he initially avoided Bella because the scent of her blood was so desirable to him. Over time, Edward and Bella fall in love. 

Their relationship is thrown into chaos when another vampire coven sweeps into Forks and James, a tracker vampire, decides that he wants to hunt Bella for sport. The Cullens plan to distract the tracker by splitting up Bella and Edward, and Bella is sent to hide in a hotel in Phoenix. Bella then gets a phone call from James in which he says that he has her mother, and that Bella must give herself up to save her. She does so and James attacks her, but Edward, along with the rest of the Cullen family, rescues Bella before James can kill her. Once they realize that James has bitten Bella's hand, Edward sucks the venom out of her system before it can spread and change her into a vampire. Upon returning to Forks, Bella and Edward attend their prom and Bella expresses her desire to become a vampire, which Edward refuses to let happen. 

Interpersonal Communication :

• stage of relationship and context :when bella and edward didn't know each other for the first time they met. And then, they met again on next class, and Bella sit beside Edward. When Bella standing beside her car in parking areas, Bella is almost run over by a fellow classmate's van in the school parking lot. Seemingly defying the laws of reality, Edward saves her life by stopping the van with his bare hands. Finally Bella know Edward was a Vampire when Edward told Bella in forest.
• Interpersonal Needs and Styles : Bella and Edward have their own characteristic to make them comfortable when they were together. for example, Bella has a quite personality, so do Edward has quite personality too, and this couple felt comfotable with their personality. 
• Power : Bella has a wise personality so because of that she can handled the bad situation in their relationship. Edward has a powerfull energy to protect Bella. 
• Relation Patterns : when Bella know that Cullen's family is a vampire, than Edward want Bella stay away from Cullen's family but Bella don't want to do that. Until the other vampire in forks knew that and want to hunt Bella and Bella is gotten bite by the other vampire in forks, James. (That is one of the example from defensive climates)

Interpersonal Communication

Relational Patterns

A.    Supportive and Defensive Climates

The orientation of individuals within relationships and their patterns of communication with one another create the climate of communication. Climates and individual behaviors can be characterized along a continuum from highly supportive to highly defensive. There are a number of communication behaviors that tend to create and maintain defensive climates within relationships.

·     Evaluating : Judging other’s behavior

·    Controlling : Striving to control or manage other’s behavior

·  Developing Strategy : Planning techniques, hidden agendas, and moves to use in  relationships, as you might in a chess game

·    Remaining Neutral : Remaining aloof and remote from other’s feeling and concerns

·    Asserting Superiority : Seeing and expressing yourself as more worthy than others

·  Conveying Certainty : Assuming and acting as though you are absolutely certain in your knowledge and perceptions

In contrast, the following behaviors are seen as contributing to a supportive climate:

·    Describing : Describing rather than judging or evaluating the other person’s behavior

·   Maintaining A Problem Orientation : Focusing on specific problem to be solved

·  Being Spontaneous : Dealing with situation as they develop, without a hidden agenda or “master Plan”

·     Asserting Equality : seeing and presenting ourselves as equal to others

·   Conveying Provisionalism : Maintaining a degree of uncertainty and tentativeness in our thoughts and beliefs

B.     Dependencies and Counter Dependencies

A Dependency relationship exists when one individual in a relationship who is highly dependent on another for support, money, work, leadership, or guidance generalizes this dependency  to other facets of the relationship. The dependent pattern may become more generalized. The dependent person comes to take cues from the other, on whom he or she has learned. At other points in time, the dependency is in the opposite direction. In this circumstances, one individual relates to the other not as a dependent but, instead, as a counter dependent, the counter dependent person characteristically disagrees. As dependencies and counter dependencies become a habitual way of reacting, they guide, shape and often overshadow the specific content of conversation.  

C.    Progressive and Regressive Spirals

In progressive spiral, the reciprocal message processing of the interactants lead to a sense of “positiveness” in their experiences. The satisfaction each person derives builds on itself, and the result is a relationship that is a source of growing pleasure and value for the participant. The opposite kind of pattern can also develop, in which each exchange contributes to a progressive decrease in satisfaction and harmony. Like dependencies, spirals often take on a life of their own, fueled by the momentum they themselves create. Overtime, the spirals that characterize any relationship alternate between progressive and regressive. However, in order for a relationship to maintain strength, momentum and continuity, the progressive phases must outweigh and/or outlast the regressive periods.

Factors That Influence Patterns

a)      Stage of Relationship and Context

Communication patterns in a relationship vary greatly from one stage to another. Naturally, people meeting each other for the first time interact in a different manner than people who have lived together for several years. The nature of interpersonal patterns also varies depending of the context in which conversation is taking place. People meeting in a grocery store are quite likely to act and react differently to one another than if they are talking in a bar or at a business meeting. Together, these two factors account for much of the variation in the patterns of communication within relationship.

b)     Interpersonal Needs and Styles

The interpersonal needs and style of the individuals involved represent others influences on communication within relationships. Often noted as especially important in this way are the interpersonal needs for affection, inclusion, and control. William Schutz has suggested that our desires relative to giving and receiving affection, being included in the activities of others and including them in ours, and controlling other people and being controlled by them are very basic to our orientations to social of all kinds. We each develop our own specific need relative to control, affection, and inclusion, as we do in other areas. The particular profile of needs we have, and how these match with those of other people, can be a major determinant of the relational patterns that result. Interpersonal style also plays a key role in shaping the communication patterns that emerge in relationships. Some people are more comfortable operating in an outgoing, highly verbal manner in their dealing with others, while others characteristically adopt a more passive and restrained interpersonal style, due either to preference or apprehension about speaking in social situations. Those who use a more outgoing style deal with their thoughts and feelings in a forthright. In contrast to an externalizing style of interpersonal communication, the internalizing style involves “absorbing” the verbal and non verbal message of others, giving the outward appearance of acceptance, congeniality and even encouragement, regardless of one’s thoughts or feelings.

c)      Power

Interpersonal communication within relationship is also shaped by the distribution of power. There are many similar situation where asymmetries affect interpersonal communication. Circumstance that generally has a substantial impact on the interpersonal communication patterns that develop. In peer-peer, colleague-colleague, or other relationships of this type, there is a potential for symmetry. Where this possibility exists, interpersonal communication creates rather than perpetuates any dependencies that result.

d)      Conflict

The presence of conflict “an incompatibility of interest between two or more people giving rise to struggles between them”. Can have a major impact on communication dynamics. Communication researcher Allan Sillars suggest than when people are involved in conflict situation they develop their own personal theories to explain the situation. These theories, in turn, have a great influence on how interactants deal with one another. Siller finds that there are three general communication strategies used in conflict resolution.

·   Passive-Indirect Methods : Avoiding the conflict-producing situation and people

·   Distributive Methods : Maximizing one’s own gain and the other’s losses

·    Integrative Methods : Achieving mutually positives outcomes for booth individuals and the relationship

Lots Of Love Team

Hello, we are London School of Public Relation Students :) 

"Lots Of Love" Its our names Group in 15A so here we are :

• Dita Pramitasari                          2012160929
• Emma Andini                             2012160743
• Ira Rambu Teba Hika                 2012160953
• Ulfah Nur Azzah Sulastaviani      2012160836
• Yudha Putra Surakusumah          2012161054
• Yudith Andhika Putri                  2012160591

Introduction of Communication Science

( Bahasa Indonesia ) 

Model Komunikasi Berlo

Model Komunikasi David K Berlo dikemukakan pada tahun 1960. Model ini dikenal dengan model SMCR yang merupakan kepanjangan dari Source (Sumber), Message (Pesan), Channel (Saluran), dan Receiver (Penerima). Berikut mengenai penjelasan dari SCMR :

1. Source (Sumber)        : Pihak yang menciptakan pesan, baik seseorang maupun suatu kelompok. 
2. Message (Pesan)       : Terjemahan gagasan ke dalam kode simbolik seperti bahasa atau isyarat.
3. Channel (Saluran)      : Medium yang membawa pesan.
4. Receiver (Penerima)  : Orang yang menjadi sasaran komunikasi.

Berlo juga menggambarkan kebutuhan Penyandi (Encoder) dan Penyandi Balik (Decoder) dalam proses komunikasi. Dalam situasi tatap muka, fungsi penyandian dilakukan lewat mekanisme vokal dan sistem otot sumber yang menghasilkan pesan verbal dan non verbal. Penyandi Balik adalah perangkat keterampilan indrawi penerima.

Dalam situasi tatap muka, Kelompok Kecil dan Komunikasi Publik (Pidato), saluran komunikasinya adalah udara yang menyalurkan gelombang suara. Dalam Komunikasi Masa saluran komunikasinya adalah televisi, radio, surat kabar, buku dan majalah.

Beberapa faktor pribadi yang mempengaruhi proses komunikasi (David K Berlo) :

• Keterampilan Berkomunikasi 
• Pengetahuan 
• Sistem Sosial dan Lingkungan Budaya Sumber
• Penerima 

 Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi sumber dan penerima pesan (David K Berlo) :

• Keterampilan Komunikasi 
• Sikap
• Pengetahuan 
• Sistem Social 
• Budaya

Pesan dikembangkan berdasarkan :

• Elemen
• Struktur
• Isi
• Perlakuan
• Kode

Salurannya berhubungan dengan panca indra :

• Melihat
• Mendengar 
• Menyentuh
• Membaui
• Merasai (Mencicipi) 

 Kelebihan dari Model Berlo :

• Tidak terbatas pada Komunikasi Publik, Komunikasi Antarpribadi & berbagai bentuk Komunikasi Tertulis.
• Bersifat Heuristik (merangsang penelitian).
• Memandu Anda untuk meneliti efek keterampilan komunikasi penerima atas penerimaan pesan yang anda kirimkan kepadanya.
• Anda sebagai pembicara mungkin mulai menyadari bahwa latar belakang sosial anda mempengaruhi sikap penerima pesan Anda.

Kekurangan dari Model Berlo :

• Umpan balik yang diterima pembicara dari khayalak tidak dimasukkan dalam grafik Model Berlo.
• Komunikasi Non Verbal tidak dianggap penting dalam mempengaruhi orang lain. 

* Keterangan Tambahan :

• Komunikasi Publik : Komunikasi antara seorang pembicara dengan sejumlah orang besar (khayalak) yang tidak bisa dikenali satu persatu.
• Komunikasi Masa : Komunikasi yang menggunakan media masa, baik cetak atau elektronikoleh suatu lembaga kepada sejumlah besar orang yang tersebar di banyak tempat.
• Komunikasi Antarpribadi : Komunikasi dengan diri sendiri. 
• Komunikasi Verbal : Komunikasi yang menggunakan satu kata atau lebih. Bahasa juga termasuk dalam komunikasi verbal.
• Komunikasi Non Verbal : Komunikasi yang menggunakan gerakan tubuh.